![]() For instance, mutant mice lacking ICC die in uterus, while mutants with diminished numbers of ICC fail to produce slow waves, resulting in abnormal intestinal motility 1, 3. The importance of pacemaker systems in mammals has been demonstrated by functional alterations, which change gut motility patterns, leading to pathological conditions and sometimes death. Although the generation of the pacemaker activity per se does not depend on neuronal input, its modulation, for instance the speed and amplitude of the bursts, is under neuronal control 2. These cells spread depolarizing currents, known as slow waves, via gap junctions to smooth muscular cells that subsequently contract. In vertebrates, the pacemakers underlying the peristaltic movements of the digestive tract are the interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) 1. These cells generate periodic depolarizations without the need of external stimuli and transmit their depolarizing waves to effector cells. This intrinsic activity, which appears essential to animal’s life, is caused by rhythmic electrical pulses generated by pacemaker cells. Spontaneous contractile activity of the gut, known as peristalsis, is ubiquitous in animals with a gastrointestinal tract. Our findings indicate that the influence of bacteria on spontaneous contractile activity is present in the early-branching cnidarian hydra as well as in Bilateria, and thus suggest an evolutionary ancient origin of interaction between bacteria and metazoans, opening a window into investigating the roots of human motility disorders. As the absence of bacteria does not impair the contractile ability itself, a microbial effect on the pacemakers seems plausible. Moreover, soluble molecule(s) produced by symbiotic bacteria may be involved in contraction frequency modulation. These effects are partially restored by reconstituting the natural microbiota. Germ-free animals display strongly reduced and less regular contraction frequencies. Here we show that spontaneous body contractions in Hydra are modulated by symbiotic bacteria. Spontaneous contractile activity is also present in animals lacking gastrointestinal tract. In humans, disruption of the contraction pattern leads to gastrointestinal conditions, which are also associated with gut microbiota dysbiosis. Dehydrate : de HYDRA te (dee hie’ drate) v.Spontaneous contractile activity, such as gut peristalsis, is ubiquitous in animals and is driven by pacemaker cells. Treatment of disease by the scientific use of waterĢ0. Hydrotherapy : HYDRO therapy (hie droe ther’ pee) n. Hydro therapist : HYDRO therapist (hie dro[ ther’ a pist) n.ġ9. Hydrostatician : HYDRO statician (hie dro sta tish’ an) n.ġ8. The principles of static applied to water and other liquidsġ7. Hydrostatics : HYDRO statics (hie dro stat’ iks) n. Hydrostat : HYDRO stat (hie’ dro stat) n.Ī device to regulate the amount of water in a reservoir or boilerġ6. Hydrosphere : HYDRO sphere (hie’ dro sfere) n.ġ5. Hydroscope : HYDRO scope (hie’ dro skope) n.Ī device for enabling one to see through great depths to the sea bedġ4. Hydro propulsion: HYDRO propulsion (hie dro pro pul’ shun) n.ġ3. Hydroplane : HYDRO plane (hie’ dro plane) n.Ī seaplane a boat that can rise or light on waterġ2. Hydropic : HYDRO pic (hie drop’ ik) adj.ġ1. Instrument that detects sound of water flowing in pipesġ0. Hydrophone : HYDRO phone (hie’ dro fone) n. Hydrophobia : HYDRO phobia (hie dro fo’ bi a) n.ĩ. Hydraulics : HYDR aulics (hie dra’ liks) n.Ĩ. Hydrangea : HYDRA ngea (hie drane’ je) n.ĥ. Hydrology : HYDRA logy (hie’ dra goe ji) n.Ĭonveyance of water through channels artificiallyģ. Hydragogue : HYDRA gogue (hie’ dra gog) adj.Ĭausing the expelling of serum as in dropsyĢ. ![]() You know that a HYDRAngea needs water you know a prune is dry because it has been deHYDRAted.ġ. You’re like a clever surgeon, knowing where to cut apart and where to sew together. Many words using this ROOT have 3, 4 or 5 syllables, but you already know what few of them mean. ![]() These ROOT-WORDS are HYDRO, HYDRA & HYDR meaning WATER.
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